Viruses - forage legume
Contributors to this page are: CIAT, Colombia (Maritza Cuervo, Cesar Medina, Jose Luis Ramirez, Socorro Balcazar, Josefina Martinez, Daniel Debouck); ILRI, Ethiopia (Jean Hanson, Janice Proud, Juvy Cantrell); ICARDA, Syria (Siham Asaad).
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV, A1MV)
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Alfalfa mosaic virus (photo courtesy of A.J. Gibbs and VIDE) |
Other scientific names
Lucerne mosaic virus, Potato calico virus
Significance
Important virus disease of many forage legumes
Symptoms
Foliar yellow green mosaic, foliar malformation, twisting of leaflets, malformed and mosaic pods, chlorosis, systemic mosaic and mottling, stem necrosis, necrotic local lesions, proliferation of axillary shoots, dwarfing.
Hosts
Amaranthus retroflexus, Arachis hypogaea, Atriplex hortensis, Beta vulgaris, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Chenopodium capitatum, Chenopodium murale, Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium foetidum, Chenopodium album, Cicer arietinum, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cucumis sativus, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus albus, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Macroptilium lathyroides, Medicago sativa, Medicago polymorpha, Melilotus alba, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Senna tora, Sesbania herbacea, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pretense, Trifolium repens, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium hybridum, Vicia sativa, Vicia villosa, Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata.
Geographic distribution
The virus is probably distributed worldwide.
Biology and transmission
Virus transmitted by a vector. Virus transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by grafting, not transmitted by contact between hosts; transmitted by seeds (50% in alfalfa seeds from individual infected plants and up to 10% in commercial seed, transmitted by pollen to the seed.
Virus transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Hemiptera, a family Aphididae; Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii and at least 13 other species. Virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner.
Detection/indexing method
- At CIAT: No significant importance
- At ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
- At ICARDA: ELISA, TBIA
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- Infected plants incinerated and fields rogued for plants with symptoms. If entire seed batch infected, regeneration started in insect proof area.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.). 1996. Viruses of Plants. Description and Lists from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Allen DJ, Lenne JM. (eds.). 1998. The Pathology of Food and Pasture Legumes. CAB International, UK & International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. 750 pp.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.). 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 800 pp.
Frison EA, Bos L, Hamilton RI, Mathur SB, Taylor JD. (eds.). 1990. FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Legume Germplasm. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome.
Lenne JM, Trutmann P. (eds.). 1994. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, UK, Natural Resource Institute, UK & CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical), Colombia. 404 pp.
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. 1994. Checklist on Seed Transmitted Viruses: Leguminous Hosts. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), India. 14 pp.
Sukumar C, Leath KT, Skipp RS, Pederson GA, Bray RA, Latch GMC, Jr Nutter FW. (eds.). 1996. Pasture and Forage Crop Pathology. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. 653 pp.
Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV)
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Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) (photo: CIAT) |
Other scientific names
Mungbean mosaic virus (MBRV), Bean common mosaic virus — serotype B,
Azuki bean mosaic virus, Bean mosaic virus, Bean western mosaic virus (Bos, 1964), Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (305, mungbean mosaic virus (Abu Kassim, 1981; Kaiser and Mossahebi, 1974; Rao et al., 1986), Peanut stripe virus, Peanut mild mottle virus, Peanut chlorotic ring mottle virus, Sesame yellow mosaic virus
Significance
Widespread with high seed transmission rates
Symptoms
Leaf distortion and blistering, dwarfing, downward curling of leaf margins, vascular necrosis, light and dark green mosaic, ring-shaped & pin-point local lesions, distortion of flowers and buds.
Hosts
Arachis hypogaea, Bauhinia purpurea, Cajanus cajan, Centrosema pubescens, Chenopodium quinoa, Cicer arietinum, Clitoria ternatea, Crotalaria incana, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cucumis sativus, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus luteus, Lupinus albus, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Macroptilium lathyroides, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Phaseolus acutifolius, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Rhynchosia minima, Senna sophera, Sena tora, Sesbania herbacea, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pretense, Trifolium repens, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium hybridum, Vicia sativa, Vicia villosa, Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna vexillata, Vigna subterranea.
Geographic distribution
Predominates in the Western World
The virus is probably distributed worldwide (in Phaseolus beans wherever they are grown). The virus occurs in China and the United States of America.
Biology and transmission
Virus transmitted by a vector. Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation (sap), transmitted by seeds (up to 83% in Phaseolus vulgaris and from 7-22% in tepary bean, transmitted by pollen to seed.
Virus transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Hemiptera, family Aphididae; Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis craccivora, A. fabae, Myzus persicae and other species. Virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner.
Bean common mosaic is caused by two species of the genus Potyvirus: Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV).
Detection/indexing method
- At CIAT: ELISA, kit for Potyvirus group
- At ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
- At ICARDA: ELISA, TBIA
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- Infected plants incinerated and fields rogued for plants with symptoms. If entire seed batch infected, regeneration started in insect proof area.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.). 1996. Viruses of Plants. Description and Lists from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Allen DJ, Lenne JM. (eds.). 1998. The Pathology of Food and Pasture Legumes. CAB International, UK & International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. 750 pp.
Frison EA, Bos L, Hamilton RI, Mathur SB, Taylor JD. (eds.). 1990. FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Legume Germplasm. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.). 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 800 pp.
Lenne JM, Trutmann P. (eds.). 1994. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, UK, Natural Resource Institute, UK & CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical), Colombia. 404 pp.
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. 1994. Checklist on Seed Transmitted Viruses: Leguminous Hosts. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), India. 14 pp.
Olufemi WA, Mbiele AL, Nkouka N. (eds.). 1988. Virus Diseases of Plants in Africa. Organization of African Unity/Scientific, Technical & Research Commission (OAU/STRC), Technical Center for Agricultural & Rural Cooperation: Lagos Nigeria. 225 p.
Sukumar C, Leath KT, Skipp RS, Pederson GA, Bray RA, Latch GMC, Jr Nutter FW. (eds.). 1996. Pasture and Forage Crop Pathology. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. 653 pp.
Bean southern mosaic virus (SBMV)
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Bean southern mosaic virus (SBMV)(photo: CIAT) |
Other scientific names
Southern bean mosaic virus, Southern bean mosaic virus 1
Symptoms
Symptomless infection
Severe leaf mosaic and/or mottle; leaf deformity; light olive-green color of leaves; down curling of infected leaves; stunting
Hosts
Cassia tora, Cicer arietinum, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Lupinus albus, Melilotus albus, Phaseolus acutifolius, P. lunatus, P. vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Vigna mungo, V. radiata, V. subterranea, V. unguiculata, Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis.
Geographic distribution
The virus spreads in Africa, North America, South and Central Americas and has also been found in France.
Biology and transmission
Virus is transmitted by a vector, sap, mechanical inoculation, grafting, seeds (3-7% in V. unguiculata cv.); transmitted by pollen to seed and transmitted by pollen to the pollinated plant.
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae: Ceratoma trifurcate, Epilachna variestis. Virus is transmitted in a semi-persistent manner.
Cowpea resistance includes infection localization and inhibition of virus synthesis.
Detection/indexing method
- At CIAT: ELISA
- At ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
- At ICARDA: ELISA, TBIA
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- Infected plants incinerated and fields rogued for plants with symptoms. If entire seed batch infected, regeneration started in insect proof area.
References and further reading
Allen DJ, Lenne JM. (eds.). 1998. The Pathology of Food and Pasture Legumes. CAB International, UK & International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. 750 pp.
Frison EA, Bos L, Hamilton RI, Mathur SB, Taylor JD. (eds.). 1990. FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Legume Germplasm. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.). 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 800 pp.
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. 1994. Checklist on Seed Transmitted Viruses: Leguminous Hosts. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), India. 14 pp.
Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV)
Other scientific names
Pea mosaic virus, Bean virus 2, Canna mosaic virus (Brierley and Smith, 1948), Gladiolus mosaic virus, Gloriosa stripe mosaic virus
Significance
Widespread.
Symptoms
Clearing of small veins in young leaves, intense yellow mottling, rusty necrotic spots in yellow areas, crinkling of leaves, stunting, contrasting yellow and green areas in leaves, yellow mosaic, rugosity, malformation.
Hosts
Amaranthus retroflexus, Arachis hypogaea, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Centrosema pubescens, Chenopodium murale, Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium album, Cicer arietinum, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria pallida, Crotalaria retusa, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cucumis sativus, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus luteus, Lupinus albus, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phaseolus coccineus, Pisum sativum, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Senna tora, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pretense, Trifolium repens, Trifolium resupinatum, Trifolium michelianum, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium hybridum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Vicia sativa, Vicia villosa, Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata.
Geographic distribution
The virus is probably distributed worldwide.
Biology and transmission
Virus transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by seeds (to 3%); transmitted by seed, sap and mechanical inoculation; seed-borne in Lupinus albus, L. luteus, Trifolium pratense, Vicia faba.
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Hemiptera, family Aphididae; more than 20 ssp. including Acyrthosiphon pisum, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Myzus persicae, Aphis fabae. Virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner.
Detection/indexing method
- At CIAT: No significant importance
- At ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
- At ICARDA: ELISA, TBIA
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- Infected plants incinerated and fields rogued for plants with symptoms. If entire seed batch infected, regeneration started in insect proof area.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.). 1996. Viruses of Plants. Description and Lists from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Allen DJ, Lenne JM. (eds.). 1998. The Pathology of Food and Pasture Legumes. CAB International, UK & International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. 750 pp.
Frison EA, Bos L, Hamilton RI, Mathur SB, Taylor JD. (eds.). 1990. FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Legume Germplasm. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.). 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 800 pp.
Lenne JM, Trutmann P. (eds.). 1994. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, UK, Natural Resource Institute, UK & CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical), Colombia. 404 pp.
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. 1994. Checklist on Seed Transmitted Viruses: Leguminous Hosts. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), India. 14 pp.
Olufemi WA, Mbiele AL, Nkouka N. (eds.). 1988. Virus Diseases of Plants in Africa. Organization of African Unity/Scientific, Technical & Research Commission (OAU/STRC), Technical Center for Agricultural & Rural Cooperation: Lagos Nigeria. 225 p.
Sukumar C, Leath KT, Skipp RS, Pederson GA, Bray RA, Latch GCM, Jr Nutter FW. (eds.). 1996. Pasture and Forage Crop Pathology. American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. 653 pp.
Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV or CpMV)
Other scientific names
Cowpea yellow mosaic virus (CYMV), Cowpea mosaic yellow strain virus (CMYSV), Cowpea mosaic virus, SB isolate
Significance
Important in SSA.
Symptoms
Vein clearing and necrosis, leaf distortion, lamina necrosis, light green mottle, necrotic local lesions, systemic chlorotic spots and streaks, apical deformation, pinpoint necrotic local lesions.
Hosts
Arachis hypogaea, Beta vulgaris, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Centrosema pubescens, Chenopodium quinoa, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria retusa, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cucumis sativus, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Lablab purpureus, Lupinus albus, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Senna tora, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pretense, Trifolium repens, Vicia sativa, Vicia villosa, Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna subterranea.
Geographic distribution
Spreads in Cuba, Kenya, Nigeria, Suriname, and Tanzania. Found, but with no evidence of spread, in the USA.
Biology and transmission
Vector: Beetle
Transmitted by seed and sap
Mechanical transmission by grafting
Detection/indexing method
- At CIAT: No significant important
- At ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
- At ICARDA: ELISA, TBIA
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- Infected plants incinerated and fields rogued for plants with symptoms. If entire seed batch infected, regeneration started in insect proof area.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.). 1996. Viruses of Plants. Description and Lists from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Allen DJ, Lenne JM. (eds.). 1998. The Pathology of Food and Pasture Legumes. CAB International, UK & International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. 750 pp.
Frison EA, Bos L, Hamilton RI, Mathur SB, Taylor JD. (eds.). 1990. FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Legume Germplasm. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome.
Lenne JM, Trutmann P. (eds.). 1994. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, UK, Natural Resource Institute, UK & CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical), Colombia. 404 pp.
Olufemi WA, Mbiele AL, Nkouka N. (eds.). 1988. Virus Diseases of Plants in Africa. Organization of African Unity/Scientific, Technical & Research Commission (OAU/STRC), Technical Center for Agricultural & Rural Cooperation: Lagos Nigeria. 225 p.
Peanut mottle virus (PeMoV, PMoV or PnMV)
Other scientific names
Groundnut mottle virus, Peanut mild mosaic virus, Peanut severe mosaic virus.
Symptoms
Yellow vein clearing, crinkled leaves, blistered leaves, ring foliar lesions, variegation, deformed leaves, mottling with necrosis and mosaic chlorotic ringspot in leaves, mild leaf chlorosis and stunting.
Hosts
Amaranthus retroflexus, Arachis hypogaea, Arachis pintoi, Beta vulgaris, Brassica rapa, Cajanus cajan, Chenopodium murale, Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium album, Citrullus lanatus, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cucumis sativus, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus albus, Macroptilium lathyroides, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Melilotus officinalis, Phaseolus acutifolius, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Senna bicapsularis, Senna obtusifolia, Senna occidentalis, Senna tora, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pretense, Trifolium repens, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium hybridum, Vicia villosa, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna subterranean.
Geographic distribution
The virus spreads in Africa, East Asia, and South and Central Americas. The virus occurs in Australia (the north east), or Colombia, or India (possibly), or Japan, or Malaysia, or the Philippines, or Taiwan, or the United States of America (in the south east).
Biology and transmission
Virus is transmitted by a vector. Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by seeds (0.02-2% in Arachis hypogaea; to 1% in Phaseolus vulgaris and to 0.008% in Vigna unguiculata (Demski et al., 1983), but not in Glycine max, Pisum sativum, Cassia obtusifolia).
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Hemiptera, family Aphididae; Aphis craccivora, A. gossypii, Hyperomyzus lactucae, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum padi. Virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner (A. craccivora can remain infective for 2 hours and M. persicae for 12 hours after acquisition).
Seed transmission in peanuts and beans, mottle and necrosis in peanut, bean and pea, Arachis glabrata – resistant.
Detection/indexing method
- At CIAT: ELISA, kit for Potyvirus group
- At ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
- At ICARDA: ELISA, TBIA
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- Infected plants incinerated and fields rogued for plants with symptoms. If entire seed batch infected, regeneration started in insect proof area.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.). 1996. Viruses of Plants. Description and Lists from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Allen DJ, Lenne JM. (eds.). 1998. The Pathology of Food and Pasture Legumes. CAB International, UK & International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. 750 pp.
Frison EA, Bos L, Hamilton RI, Mathur SB, Taylor JD. (eds.). 1990. FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Legume Germplasm. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.). 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 800 pp.
Lenne JM, Trutmann P. (eds.). 1994. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, UK, Natural Resource Institute, UK & CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical), Colombia. 404 pp.
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. 1994. Checklist on Seed Transmitted Viruses: Leguminous Hosts. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), India. 14 pp.
Olufemi WA, Mbiele AL, Nkouka N. (eds.). 1988. Virus Diseases of Plants in Africa. Organization of African Unity/Scientific, Technical & Research Commission (OAU/STRC), Technical Center for Agricultural & Rural Cooperation: Lagos Nigeria. 225 p.
 PeMoV in Arachis pintoi and Macroptilium lathyroides (photos:URG-CIAT) |
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV or SbMV)
Symptoms
Leaves crinkled, curl longitudinally downward, slight mottle, leaves raised or blistered along main veins, browning in stems and petioles, defoliation, stunted with fewer pods (flat, no hairs and seeds), systemic necrosis, chlorosis develop between dark and green areas of the leaves, seeds mottled brown or black
Hosts
Beta vulgaris, Brassica rapa, Cajanus cajan, Canavalia ensiformis, Centrosema brasilianum, Centrosema macrocarpum, Centrosema pascuorum, Centrosema pubescens, Centrosema acutifolium, Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium album, Crotalaria spectabilis, Cucumis sativus, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Glycine max, Indigofera hirsuta, Kummerowia striata, Lablab purpureus, Lotus corniculatus, Lotus tetragonolobus, Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus luteus, Lupinus albus, Macroptilium lathyroides, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Medicago sativa, Medicago alba, Melilotus officinalis, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum, Senna occidentalis, Senna tora, Sesbania herbacea, Trifolium incarnatum, Trifolium pretense, Trifolium repens, Trifolium hybridum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Vigna radiata, Vigna unguiculata
Geographic distribution
The virus is probably distributed worldwide.
Biology and transmission
Virus is normally transmitted by a vector. Virus is transmitted by mechanical inoculation (sap), grafting; up to 30% or higher transmission by seeds (not in Glycine max cvs Kawanggyo, Hill or Bienville), transmitted by pollen to the seed, or transmitted by pollen to the pollinated plant.
Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Hemiptera, family Aphididae; 16 species, including Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae. Virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner; does not require a helper virus for vector transmission (One strain is not aphid transmitted).
Most widely distributed virus of soybean; Calopogonium sp. – natural reservoir.
Detection/indexing method
- At CIAT: ELISA, kit for Potyvirus group
- At ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
- At ICARDA: ELISA, TBIA
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- Infected plants incinerated and fields rogued for plants with symptoms. If entire seed batch infected, regeneration started in insect proof area.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.). 1996. Viruses of Plants. Description and Lists from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Allen DJ, Lenne JM. (eds.). 1998. The Pathology of Food and Pasture Legumes. CAB International, UK & International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India. 750 pp.
Frison EA, Bos L, Hamilton RI, Mathur SB, Taylor JD. (eds.). 1990. FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Legume Germplasm. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.). 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 800 pp.
Lenne JM, Trutmann P. (eds.). 1994. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, UK, Natural Resource Institute, UK & CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical), Colombia. 404 pp.
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. 1994. Checklist on Seed Transmitted Viruses: Leguminous Hosts. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), India. 14 pp.
Olufemi WA, Mbiele AL, Nkouka N. (eds.). 1988. Virus Diseases of Plants in Africa. Organization of African Unity/Scientific, Technical & Research Commission (OAU/STRC), Technical Center for Agricultural & Rural Cooperation: Lagos Nigeria. 225 p.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.057.0.01.061.htm
Symptoms
Vein-clearing, mosaic, leaf malformation
 Centrosema mosaic virus (photo: Virology Unit, CIAT) |
Hosts
Centrosema pubescens, Crotalaria anagyroides, C. retusa, C. goreensis, C. mucronata, Calopogonium mucunoides (virus causes lack of seed set), Desmodium distortum.
Geographic distribution
The virus occurs in Papua New Guinea, Colombia and Caribean area
Biology and transmission
Virus is a tentative member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Flexiviridae. Virus is transmitted by arthropods, by insects of the order Heteroptera; Lygaeidae and Nysius ssp. Virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner, and demonstrated seed transmissibility in Centrosema spp.
Detection/indexing method
- At CIAT: ELISA, kit for Potyvirus group
Procedure followed at the center in case of positive test
- Infected plants incinerated and fields rogued for plants with symptoms. If entire seed batch infected, regeneration started in insect proof area.
References and further reading
Morales FJ, Virologist AI, Castaño NM, Calvert L. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Cali, Colombia. Detection of a Strain of Soybean Mosaic Virus Affecting Tropical Forage Species of Centrosema. Plant Dis. 74:648-651
Schultze-Kraft R, Clements RJ, Keller-Grein G. Centrosema: Biologia, Agronomia y utilizacion. Publicado por Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1997
van Velsen RJ, Crowley NC. 1962. Centrosema Mosaic: A new virus disease of Crotalaria spp. In Papua and New Guinea. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 13:220-232
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