Viruses - forage grass
Contributors to this page are: CIAT, Colombia (Maritza Cuervo, Cesar Medina, Jose Luis Ramirez, Socorro Balcazar, Josefina Martinez, Daniel Debouck); ILRI, Ethiopia (Jean Hanson, Janice Proud, Juvy Cantrell).
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Scientific name
Digitaria striate mosaic virus (DiSMV or DSMV)
Significance
Minor significance for quarantine because widespread. It can affect several important forage grasses, maize and wheat.
Symptoms
Chlorotic striations and stripes
Narrow white streaks or local lesions, usually 1-3 mm long; longer wider chlorotic often yellow local lesions with diffuse margin; narrow, short, white or chlorotic streaks or local lesions with some showing diffuse edges, but most local lesions clearly defined; chlorotic streaks and local lesions, severe deformation of pant.
Hosts
Avena sativa, Brachiaria subquadripara (syn. B. miliiformis), Chloris gayana, Digitaria decumbens (D. eriantha), Digitaria ciliaris, Digitaria sanguinalis, Digitaria setigera, Dinebra retroflexa, Echinochloa colona, Eleusine indica, Hordeum vulgare, Lolium multiflorum, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays
Geographic distribution
Worldwide
Queensland (Australia), India (Maharashtra State)
Biology and transmission
Transmitted in nature by the planthopper Sogatella kalophon but not by seeds or mechanical means.
Vetor specificity and host preference should limit the spread of DSV.
Detection/indexing method
- at CIAT: Not applicable
- at ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
Treatment/control
- None, not seed borne
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- For low infection, rougue the field and burn infected plants. For high infection produce seeds in a screenhouse to obtain disease free seeds to re-establich plots.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.) 1996. Viruses of Plants. Description and Lists from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.) 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 800 pp.
Seed Health General Publication by the Center or CGIAR
Diekmann M, Putter CAJ. (eds.) 1995. FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm. No. 14. Small Grain Temperate Cereals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
Miles JW, Maass BL, do Valle CB; with the collaboration of V. Kumble. (eds.) 1996. Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy and Improvement. Cali, Colombia: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Tropical Forages Program and Communications Unit; Campo Grande, Brazil, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Centro National de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, 1996. 288 p. CIAT Publication; no. 259
Scientific name
Elephant grass mosaic virus (EGMV)
Significance
Although EGMV has been found only in elephant grass, experimental transmission to corn and sorghum indicates that the virus maybe of economic importance.
Symptoms
Mosaic in leaves; chlorotic spots and streaks
Hosts
Andropogon schoenanthus, Avena sativa, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Gomphrena, globosa, Hordeum vulgare, Oryza sativa, Panicum compressum, P. maximum, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, Secale cereale, Stenotaphrum secundatum, Sorghum bicolor, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays
Geographic distribution
East Africa, Brazil
Biology and transmission
A virus isolated from leaves of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). It was mechanically transmitted to a few cultivars of Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor, but other test plants including elephant grass could not be infected.
It was not transmitted by Myzus persicae Sulz. and Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch.
Detection/indexing method
- at CIAT: Not applicable
- at ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
Treatment/control
- None
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- For low infection, rogue the field and burn infected plants. For high infection check for disease free suttings to re-establish plots.
References and further reading
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3793303
http://www.apsnet.org/pd/PDFS/1993/PlantDisease77n07_726.PDF/
Diekmann M, Putter CAJ. (eds.) 1995. FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm. No. 14. Small Grain Temperate Cereals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
Marins CRF, Kitajima EW. 1993. A unique virus isolated from elephant grass. Plant Disease. 77(7): 726-729.
Scientific name
Guineagrass mosaic virus (GMV)
Significance
Causes reduced yields in grasses in tropical areas and not seed borne but can affect maize.
Symptoms
Systematically infected plants show characteristic rhomboid or eye-shaped lesions on infected leaves. As the disease progresses, various mosaic patterns and chlorotic patches develop, causing early leaf senescence. As long as infected plants are maintained under favorable conditions, the disease does not cause significant damage.
Light-green or yellow mosaic
Hosts
Avena sativa, Brachiaria decumbens, B. deflexa, B. dictyoneura, B. humidicola, B. jubata, B. ruziziensis, Dactylis glomerata, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-gali, Eleusine coracana, Hordeum vulgare, Panicum maximum, P. capillare, Pennisetum glaucum, Sorghum bicolor, S. sudanense, Zea mays
Geographic distribution
East Africa, West Africa, South America
Côte d’Ivoire, Brazil, Colombia
Biology and transmission
This virus is related to Johnson grass mosaic virus
Transmitted by aphids and through mechanical inoculation
Detection/indexing method
- at CIAT: Not applicable
- at ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
Treatment/control
- None
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- For low infection, rogue the field and burn infected plants. For high infection produce seeds in a screenhouse to re-establish plots.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.) 1996. Virus of Plants. Description and List from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.) 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecct. 800 pp.
Lenne JM, Trutmann P. (eds.) 1994. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, UK, Natural Resource Institute, UK & Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Colombia. 404 pp.
Olufemi WA, Mbiele Al, Nkouka N. (eds.) 1988. Virus Diseases of Plants in Africa. Organization of African Unity/Scientific, Technical & Research Commission (OAU/STRC), Technical Center for Agricultural & Rural Cooperation: Lagos Nigeria. 225 p.
Seed Health General Publication Published by the Center or CGIAR
Diekmann M, Putter CAJ. (eds.) 1995. FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm. No. 14. Small Grain Temperate Cereals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
Miles JW, Maass BL, do Valle CB; with the collaboration of V. Kumble. (eds.) 1996. Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy and Improvement. Cali, Colombia: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Tropical Forages Program and Communications Unit; Campo Grande, Brazil, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Centro National de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, 1996. 288 p. CIAT Publication; no. 259
Scientific name
Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV)
Other scientific names
Maize dwarf mosaic virus — strain O (McDaniel and Gordon, 1985; Shukla et al., 1989),
Sugarcane mosaic virus — Australian Johnson grass virus (Shukla et al., 1987),
Maize dwarf mosaic virus — Kansas I strain (McKern et al., 1990).
Significance
Important disease of many forage grasses, sorghum and maize but of quarantine significance because currently not widely distributed.
Symptoms
Mosaic and variegation, ringspots and chlorosis, necrotic red stripe, necrotic red leaf; necrosis of new leaves, stunting; systemic chlorotic mosaic, mottling, necrosis, stunting
Mosaic, ring spots, stunting
Hosts
Brachiaria miliiformis, B. praetervisa, Cenchrus ciliaris, Panicum miliaceum, Paspalum orbiculare, Pennisetum typhoides, Sorghum x almum, S. bicolor, S. haplense, S. laxiflorum, S. macrospermum, S. miliaceum, S. stipoideum, S. sudanense, S. verticilliflorum, S. vulgare, Zea mays
Geographic distribution
USA, Australia, East Africa
Biology and transmission
Transmission by aphids, sap and mechanical inoculation
Vascular puncture inoculation of seedlings
Detection/indexing method
- at CIAT: Not applicable
- at ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
Treatment/control
- None
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- For low infection, rogue the field and burn infected plants. For high infection produce seeds in a screenhouse and screen for disease free seedlings to re-establish plots
References and further reading
Diekmann M, Putter CAJ. (eds.) 1995. FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm. No. 14. Small Grain Temperate Cereals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
Miles JW, Maass BL, do Valle CB; with the collaboration of V. Kumble. (eds.) 1996. Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy and Improvement. Cali, Colombia: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Tropical Forages Program and Communications Unit; Campo Grande, Brazil, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Centro National de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, 1996. 288 p. CIAT Publication; no. 259
Scientific name
Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV)
Other scientific names
MDMV-A, MDMV-D, MDMV-E, MDMV-F; Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Sorghum red stripe virus (SRSV).
Significance
Widespread, seed and vector transmitted and also affects maize and sorghum.
Symptoms
Uneven chlorotic stripes in leaves, occasional reddening; foliar faint streak, mottle, foliar ring-like flecks; distortion and necrosis of young leaves; poor filling of cobs, stunting
Mosaic and stunting
Hosts
Avena sativa, Brachiaria eruciformis, B. platyphylla, Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon, Dactylis glomerata, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-gali, Eleusine coracana, Eragrostis trichodes, Hordeum vulgare, Lolium perenne, Melinis minutiflora, Panicum maximum, P. sumatrense, P. capillare, Paspalum dilatatum, Poa pratensis, Rottboellia cochinchinensis, Secale cereale, Setaria viridis, Sorghum arundinaceum, S. bicolor, S. haplense, Zea mays
Geographic distribution
Australia, China, South Africa, USA
Biology and transmission
Transmitted by aphids; seed-borne
In Africa Zea mays is grown in mid to high altitudes.
Did not affect oats, rice, wheat, soybeans and cowpeas.
Detection/indexing method
- at CIAT: Not applicable
- at ILRI: ELISA, TBIA.
Treatment/control
- None
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- For low infection, rogue the field and burn infected plants. For high infection produce seeds in a screenhouse and screen for disease free seedlings to re-establish plots.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.) 1996. Virus of Plants. Description and List from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Diekmann M, Putter CAJ. (eds.) 1995. FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm. No. 14. Small Grain Temperate Cereals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.) 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecct. 800 pp.
Lenne JM, Trutmann P. (eds.) 1994. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, UK, Natural Resource Institute, UK & Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Colombia. 404 pp.
Miles JW, Maass BL, do Valle CB; with the collaboration of V. Kumble. (eds.) 1996. Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy and Improvement. Cali, Colombia: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Tropical Forages Program and Communications Unit; Campo Grande, Brazil, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Centro National de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, 1996. 288 p. CIAT Publication; no. 259
Olufemi WA, Mbiele AL, Nkouka N. (eds.) 1988. Virus Diseases of Plants in Africa. Organization of African Unity/Scientific, Technical & Research Commission (OAU/STRC), Technical Center for Agricultural & Rural Cooperation: Lagos Nigeria. 225 p.
Scientific name
Maize streak virus (MSV)
Other scientific names
Bajra streak virus (Seth et al., 1972a & 1972b), Cereal African streak virus, Maize streak A virus
Significance
Causes severe streaking and yield loss in maize and other grasses.
Quarantine significance because not found in the Americas.
Symptoms
White chlorotic spots along veins of unfolding leaf; chlorotic streaking to uniform chlorosis; necrosis, local lesions, stunting; chlorotic or white streaking or lesions; systemic chlorotic streaking
Chlorotic streaking and various other foliar lesions.
Hosts
Agropyron cristatum, A. fragile, Agrostis gigantean, Andropogon gerardii, Arrhenatherum elatius, Avena sativa, Axonopus compressus, Bothriochloa barbinodis, Brachiara deflexa, B. lata, B. reptans, B.villosa (B. distichophylla), Bromus erectus, B. inermis, B. catharticus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris gayana, Coix lacryma-jobi, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cynodon dactylon, Dactylis glomerata, Dactyloctenium gianteum, Digitaria abyssinica, Digitaria velutina, D. milanjiana, D. ternata, D. eriantha, D. horizontalis, D. sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona, E. crus-gali, E. polystachya, Eleusine coracana, E. indica, Eragrostis curvula, Fesuca ovina, F. pratensis, F. rubra, Heteropogon contortus, Holcus lanatus, Hordeum vulgare, Hyparrhenia rufa, Leersia hexandra, Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne, L. rigidum, Panicum coloratum, P. maximum, P. bergii, P. sumatrense, Paspalum dilatatum, P. notatum, P. scorbiculatum, P. almum, P. urvillei, Pennisetum clandestinum, P. purpureum, P. glaucum, Phalaris aquatica, P. arundinacea, Phleum pretense, Poa pretense, Rottboellia cochinchinensis, Setaria sphacelata, S. pumila, S. verticillata, S. megaphylla, S. homonyma, S. viridis, Sorghum arundinaceum, S. bicolor, Tripsacum dactyloides, Urochloa panicoides, U. trichopus, Zea mays
Geographic distribution
Madagascar, East Africa, Yemen, Reunion, India
Biology and transmission
This virus is transmitted by insects belonging to Cicadelllidae (Cicadulina mbila, Cicadulina triangular, Cicadulina zeae, Cicadulina storeiy) in a persistent manner; transmissible to seedlings by vascular puncture inoculation (VPI), but not through seed or by mechanical means; non-sap transmissible.
Detection/indexing method
- at CIAT: not applicable
- at ILRI: ELISA, TBIA
Treatment/control
- Chemical control of the leafhopper vector is only justified for special purposes such as germplasm or seed muliplication.
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- For low infection, rogue the field and burn infected plants. For high infection produce seeds in a screenhouse and screen for disease free seedlings to re-establish plots.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.) 1996. Virus of Plants. Description and List from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Diekmann M, Putter CAJ. (eds.) 1995. FAO/IPGRI Technical Guidelines for the Safe Movement of Germplasm. No. 14. Small Grain Temperate Cereals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.) 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecct. 800 pp.
Lenne JM, Trutmann P. (eds.) 1994. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, UK, Natural Resource Institute, UK & Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Colombia. 404 pp.
Miles JW, Maass Bl, do Valle CB; with the collaboration of V. Kumble. (eds.) 1996. Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy and Improvement. Cali, Colombia: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Tropical Forages Program and Communications Unit; Campo Grande, Brazil, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Centro National de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, 1996. 288 p. CIAT Publication; no. 259
Olufemi WA, Mbiele AL, Nkouka N. (eds.) 1988. Virus Diseases of Plants in Africa. Organization of African Unity/Scientific, Technical & Research Commission (OAU/STRC), Technical Center for Agricultural & Rural Cooperation: Lagos Nigeria. 225 p.
Scientific name
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV)
Other scientific names
Grass mosaic virus, Maize dwarf mosaic virus MDMV-B MDMV-A, Sorghum red stripe virus (SRSV)
Significance
Worldwide spread and yield loss in some forages.
Symptoms
Foliar mottling; general mosaic to oblong chlorotic spots; oblong necrotic spots dispersed in leaves; necrotic local lesions, then systemic mosaic, necrosis
Mosaic in different variegated patterns, depending on the age of the plant and time of inoculation.
Hosts
Brachiaria eruciformis
Brachiaria spp.
Geographic distribution
Worldwide
Australia, East Africa
Biology and transmission
Transmitted by aphids; spread through infected seeds, sap, vegetative propagules and by mechanical means
Transmissible to seedlings by vascular puncture inoculation (VPI)
Detection/indexing method
- at CIAT: Not applicable
- at ILRI: NASH, PCR method
Treatment/control
- None
Procedure followed at the centers in case of positive test
- For low infection, rogue the field and burn infected plants. For high infection produce seeds in a screenhouse and screen for disease free seedlings to re-establish plots.
References and further reading
Alan B, Crabtree K, Dallwitz M, Gibbs A, Watson L. (eds.) 1996. Virus of Plants. Description and List from the VIDE Database. CAB International, UK. 1484 pp.
Frison EA, Putter CAJ. (eds.). 1993. FAO/IBPGR Technical Guidelines for theSafe Movement of Sugarcane Germplasm. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome/ International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, Rome.
Gad L, Thottappilly G. (eds.) 2003. Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecct. 800 pp.
Lenne JM, Trutmann P. (eds.) 1994. Diseases of Tropical Pasture Plants. CAB International, UK, Natural Resource Institute, UK & Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Colombia. 404 pp.
Miles JW, Maass BL, do Valle CB; with the collaboration of V. Kumble. (eds.) 1996. Brachiaria: Biology, Agronomy and Improvement. Cali, Colombia: Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Tropical Forages Program and Communications Unit; Campo Grande, Brazil, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Centro National de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, 1996. 288 p. CIAT Publication; no. 259
Olufemi WA, Mbiele AL, Nkouka N. (eds.) 1988. Virus Diseases of Plants in Africa. Organization of African Unity/Scientific, Technical & Research Commission (OAU/STRC), Technical Center for Agricultural & Rural Cooperation: Lagos Nigeria. 225 p.
Sukumar C, Leath KT, Skipp RS, Pederson GA, Bray RA, Latch GCM, Jr Nutter FW. (eds.) Pasture and Forage Crop Pathology. American Society of Agronomy, Inc. Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science Society of America, Inc. 653 pp.
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